SUMMARY

In this text, firstly, it states the meaning of the CALL and it indicates that CALL is the short version of computer-assisted language learning. Then, it shows the ways of conceptualizing field of CALL, and it says that one of the useful ways is dividing computers usage in respect of the functional roles of “tutor” and “tool”. According to that difference, a vocabulary flashcard program could be regarded as tutor use and email program or web search engine like Google could be regarded as tool use. However, at present CALL is being used as an evolving tool use, unlike most early. Then, in the following parts of the writing, it mentiones the acronyms and attitudes. Later, we see the history of CALL, and it says that CALL started in the 1960s. Until the early 1980s when the microcomputer into educational settings started to spread, CALL was unimportant thing for language learning outside of a few universities. In the late 1980s and early 90s, the Apple Macintosh became the Apple II and it became favorite among teacher developers and then other developments in the field of computers were experienced. In the course of that period, the importance of the use of computer as a tool went up, and computers started to be used for preparing projects by teachers and their students. Later, two main changes were gone through. The dramatic rise in commercial multimedia for language learning in home computers and the development of the world wide web. Then, the scope of CALL is mentioned and it ends with the table of a framework for CALL education.
The Summary of “Communities of Practice”
At the beginning of this text, the term of “communities of practice” is explained and mentioned how they are formed, and it is defined as groups of people sharing a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly. Then, three important characteristics of them are mentioned: (1) The Domain, (2) The Community and (3) The Practice. In the following part, it is adverted about what communities practice are like and the activities by the help of that communities develop their practice are mentioned on the text. The concept has been used primarily in learning theory. This concept is used in a lot of fields: business, organizational design, government, education, professional associations, development projects, and civic life.

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